Editors
Joseph Locke, University of Houston-Victoria
Ben Wright, University of Texas at Dallas
Editorial Advisors
Edward L. Ayers, University of Richmond
Randall Balmer, Dartmouth College
Robin Blackburn, University of Essex
Edward J. Blum, San Diego State University
Christopher L. Brown, Columbia University
Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, University of Texas
Joyce Chaplin, Harvard University
Jefferson R. Cowie, Cornell University
Hasia R. Diner, New York University
Darren Dochuk, Washington University in St. Louis
Ellen DuBois, University of California-Los Angeles
Erica Armstrong Dunbar, University of Delaware
Nicole Etcheson, Ball State University
María Cristina García, Cornell University
Thavolia Glymph, Duke University
Pekka Hämäläinen, University of Oxford
Leslie M. Harris, Emory University
Allyson Hobbs, Stanford University
Woody Holton, University of South Carolina
Daniel Martin HoSang, University of Oregon
Stephen Kantrowitz, University of Wisconsin
Michael Kazin, Georgetown University
David Konig, Washington University in St. Louis
Karen Kupperman, New York University
T. J. Jackson Lears, Rutgers University
Chandra M. Manning, Georgetown University
Kate Masur, Northwestern University
W. Caleb McDaniel, Rice University
James Merrell, Vassar College
Jo-Ann Morgan, Western Illinois University
Susan O’Donovan, University of Memphis
Heather C. Richardson, Boston College
Edward Rugemer, Yale University
John Saillant, Western Michigan University
Martha A. Sandweiss, Princeton University
Claudio Saunt, University of Georgia
Leigh Eric Schmidt, Washington University in St. Louis
Carole Shammas, University of Southern California
Richard White, Stanford University
Samuel Zipp, Brown University
Digital Content Advisors
David J. Bodenhamer, Indiana University
Christopher D. Cantwell, Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City
Amy Earhart, Texas A&M University
Kathleen Fitzpatrick, Modern Language Association
Tona Hangen, Worcester State University
Jason Heppler, Stanford University
Kim Gallon, Purdue University
Alex Gil Fuentes, Columbia University
Matthew K. Gold, CUNY Graduate Center
Jennifer Guiliano, University of Maryland
Cathy Moran Hajo, New York University
Lauren Klein, Georgia Tech
Jeffrey McClurken, University of Mary Washington
Tara McPherson, University of Southern California
Lincoln Mullen, George Mason University
Robert K. Nelson, University of Richmond
Bethany Nowviskie, University of Virginia
Miriam Posner, UCLA
Darren R. Reid, University of Edinburgh
Kyle Roberts, Loyola University Chicago
Jentery Sayers, University of Victoria
Kelly Schrum, George Mason University
Lisa Spiro, Rice University
Erik Steiner, Stanford University
Mark Tebeau, Arizona State University
Lauren Tilton, Yale University
Kathryn Tomasek, Wheaton College
Andrew J. Torget, University of North Texas
William J. Turkel, University of Western Ontario
Managing Editors
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University
Anne Gray Fischer, University of Texas at Dallas
Khalil A. Johnson, Wesleyan University
Maria R. Montalvo, Emory University
Katrina Phillips, Macalester College
David Ponton III, University of South Florida
Chapter Editors
Samuel Abramson, Rice University
Ellen Adams, Alice T. Miner Museum
Richard Anderson, Princeton University
Lauren Brand, Southern Nazarene University
Edwin Breeden, Old Exchange Building and Old Slave Mart Museum
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University
Ari Cushner, San Jose State University
Matthew Downs, University of Mobile
Angela Esco Elder, Converse College
Jesse Gant, University of Wisconsin
Jane Fiegen Green, American Historical Association
Paula Fortier, Independent Researcher
Nathaniel Green, Northern Virginia Community College
Michael Hammond, Taylor University
Michael Hattem, Yale University
Mary Anne Henderson, University of Washington
David Hochfelder, SUNY-Albany
Daniel Johnson, Bilkent University
Amy Kohout, Colorado College
Gregg Lightfoot, The Girls Preparatory School
James McKay, University of Wisconsin
Eric Rauchway, University of California, Davis
William Schultz, Princeton University
Nora Slonimsky, Iona College
Tara Strauch, College of Wooster
David Thomson, Sacred Heart University
Nicole Turner, Virginia Commonwealth University
Andrew Wegmann, Delta State University
Brandy Thomas Wells, Augusta College
Jonathan Wilfred Wilson, University of Scranton and Marywood University
Media Curators
Erin Holmes, University of South Carolina
Katherine Lennard, Stanford University
Jo-Ann Morgan, Western Illinois University
Christina Regelski, Rice University
Amy Sopcak-Joseph, University of Connecticut
Whitney Stewart, University of Texas at Dallas
Colleen Tripp, California State University, Northridge
Contributors
Christopher L. Abernathy, University of Oklahoma
Gregory Ablavsky, Stanford Law School
Sam Abramson, Rice University
Ellen Adams, William and Mary
Emiliano Aguilar, Northwestern University
Alvita Akiboh, Northwestern University
Frank Amari, Independent Scholar
Jim Ambuske, University of Virginia
Richard A. Anderson, Princeton University
Seth Anziska, University College London
Kelly B. Arehart, William and Mary
Carolyn Arena, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture
Emily Arendt, Montana State University Billings
Jeffrey Bain-Conkin, Notre Dame University
Andrew Baker, Texas A&M University-Commerce
Thomas Balcerski, Eastern Connecticut State University
Simon Balto, Ball State University
Laila Ballout, Northwestern University
Seth Bartee, Guilford Technical Community College
Marco Basile, Harvard University
Jeremiah Bauer, University of Nebraska
Joshua Beatty, SUNY-Plattsburg
Amanda Bellows, The New School
Lee Benjamins, San Jacinto College
Jacob Betz, Harvard University
Marsha Barrett, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ian Beamish, Johns Hopkins University
Myles Beaupre, Notre Dame University
Ethan R. Bennett, Washington University-St. Louis
Julia Bernier, University of North Alabama
Daniel Birge, Boston University
William Black, Rice University
A.J. Blandford, Rutgers University
John Blanton, The City College of New York
Drew Bledsoe, Lee University
Cameron Blevins, Northeastern University
Nicholas Blood, Emory University
Eladio Bobadilla, Duke University
Ryan W. Booth, Washington State University
Lauren Brand, Southern Nazarene University
Edwin Breeden, Old Exchange Building and Old Slave Mart Museum
Michael Brenes, Yale University
Marjorie Brown, Houston Community College
Kyle Burke, Northwestern University
L. D. Burnett, Tarleton State University
Alexander Burns, Ball State University
Carole Butcher, North Dakota State University
Matthew A. Byron, Young Harris College
Michael T. Caires, University of Virginia
Christina Carrick, Boston University
Katherine Cartwright, College of William and Mary
Michelle Cassidy, Central Michigan University
Peter Catapano, New York City College of Technology
Steffi Cerato, Johns Hopkins University
Andrew Chadwick, University of Maryland
Julian C. Chambliss, Michigan State University
Tizoc Chavez, Vanderbilt University
Christopher Childers, Pittsburg State University
Micah Childress, Grand Valley State University
Mary Beth Basile Chopas, University of North Carolina
Frank Cirillo, University of Virginia
Justin Clark, Nanyang Technological University
Dana Cochran, Virginia Tech
Kristin Condotta Lee, Washington University in St. Louis
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University
Christopher Consolino, Johns Hopkins University
Adam Constanzo, Texas A&M Corpus Christi
Wiliam Cossen, Penn State University
Christopher Costello, University of California, San Diego
Aaron Cowan, Slippery Rock University
Mari Crabtree, College of Charleston
Michell Cresfield, Vanderbilt University
Ari Cushner, San Jose State University
Ashley Foley Dabbraccio, Memphis University
Lori Daggar, Ursinus College
Andrew David, Boston University
Ben Davidson, Smithsonian Institution
Ian Davis, Mississippi State University
Morgan Deane, Brigham Young University, Idaho
Elsa Devienne, Northumbria University
Jenifer Dodd, Vanderbilt University
Jean-Paul de Guzman, UCLA
Matthew Downs, University of Mobile
Jennifer Donnally, University of North Carolina
Mary Draper, Midwestern State University
Dan Du, University of Georgia
Blake Earle, Southern Methodist University
Ashton Ellett, University of Georgia
Angela Esco Elder, Converse College
Alexandra Evans, University of Virginia
Sean Fear, University of Leeds
Amy Fels, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Ashley J. Finigan, University of Chicago
Maggie Flamingo, University of Wisconsin
Paula Fortier, University of New Orleans
Jeff Fortnoy, University of Oklahoma
Michael Franczak, Boston College
Leif Fredrickson, University of Virginia
Zach Fredman, Dartmouth College
Stephanie Gamble, Johns Hopkins University
Jesse Gant, University of Wisconsin
Margaret Garhart, Case Western Reserve University
Josh Garrett-Davis, Autry Museum of the American West
Zach P. Gastellum, University of Oklahoma
Sean Gilleran, University of California Santa Barbara
Carrie Glenn, University of Delaware
Jamie Goodall, Stevenson University
Daniel Gorman Jr., University of Rochester
Jonathan Grandage, Florida State University
Larry A. Grant, The Citadel
Anne Gray Fischer, Brown University
Kori Graves, SUNY-Albany
Jane Fiegen Green, American Historical Association
Kathryn Green, Mississippi Valley State University
Nathaniel Green, Northern Virginia Community College
Robert Gudmestad, Colorado State University
Anderson Hagler, Duke University
Joseph Haker, University of Minnesota
Blaine Hamilton, Rice University
Kimberly Hamlin, Miami University of Ohio
Tracey Hanshew, Washington State University
Caroline Bunnell Harris, UCLA
John Harris, University of Texas at Arlington
Michael Hattem, Yale University
Karissa Haugeberg, Tulane University
Chris Hayashida-Knight, Penn State University
Richara Leona Hayward, University of Pennsylvania
Fang He, NYU Shanghai
Timothy C. Hemmis, Texas A&M University – Central Texas
Mary Anne Henderson, University of Washington
Mariah Hepworth, Northwestern University
Eric Herschthal, The Ohio State University
Jordan Hill, Virginia Tech University
Hidetaka Hirota, Columbia University
David Hochfelder, SUNY-Albany
Nicolas Hoffmann, Oak Mountain Academy
Timothy Kent Holliday, University of Pennsylvania
Lilian Hoodes, Northwestern University
Rebecca Howard, University of Arkansas
Amanda Hughett, Duke University
Kylie A. Hulbert, Texas A&M University, Kingsville
Matthew C. Hulbert, University of Georgia
Jonathan Hunt, Stanford University
Jun Suk Hyun University of Georgia
Hendrick Isom, Brown University
Zachary Jacobson, Northwestern University
Jillian Marie Jacklin, University of Wisconsin
Destin Jenkins, University of Chicago
Nathan Jérémie-Brink, New Brunswick Theological Seminary
Amber G Johnson, Georgia Institute of Technology
D. Andrew Johnson, Rice University
Daniel Johnson, Bilkent University
Christopher C. Jones, Brigham Young University
Matthew Kahn, Northwestern University
Suzanne Kahn, Columbia University
Micki Kaufman, CUNY
Lindsay Keiter, Penn State – Altoona
Lucas Kelly, University of North Carolina
William Kelly, University of Nebraska
William Kelly, Rutgers University
Brenden Kennedy, University of Montana Western
S. Wright Kennedy, Rice University
William Kerrigan, Muskingum University
Krista Kinslow, Boston University
Randal Grant Kleiser, Columbia University
Jonathan Koefoed, Belhaven University
Gerard Koeppel, Independent Scholar
Stephn M. Koeth, Columbia University
Amy Kohout, Colorado College
Erin Bonuso Kramer, University of Wisconsin
Dale Kretz, Texas Tech University
Suzanna Krivulskaya, California State University San Marcos
Matthew Kruer, University of Chicago
Mark Kukis, Keck Graduate Institute
Lucie Kyrova, Charles University
Guy Lancaster, Central Arkansas Library System
Andrew F. Lang, Mississippi State University
Allison Lange, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Kathryn Knowles Lasdow, Columbia University
Brooke Lamperd, Brown University
Francesca Langer, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Scott Libson, Emory University
Miriam Liebman, CUNY
Gregg Lightfoot, The Girls Preparatory School
Matthew Linton, Brandeis University
Kyle Livie, Oholone College
Jonathan Lower, University of Buffalo
Jennifer Mandel, Mount Washington College
John Garrison Marks, American Association for State and Local History
Dawn Marsh, Purdue University
Lindsay Stallones Marshall, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Valerie A. Martinex, University of Texas
Paul Matzko, Penn State University
Ashley Mays, University of North Carolina
Lisa Mercer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Spencer McBride, LSU
Keith D. McCall, Rice University
Charles McCrary, Florida State University
Katherine J. McGarr, University of Wisconsin
James McKay, University of Wisconsin
José Juan Pérez Meléndez, University of California, Davis
Ryan T. Menath, U.S. Air Force Academy
Rebekka Michaelsen, UCLA
Samantha Miller, University of Pennsylvania
Shaul Mitelpunkt, University of York
Elisa Minoff, University of South Florida
Maria Montalvo, Tulane University
Celeste Day Moore, Hamilton College
Erik A. Moore, University of Oklahoma
Gregory Moore, Notre Dame College
Jessica Parker Moore, Texas Christian University
Joseph Moore, Gardner-Webb University
Isabella Morales, Princeton University
Felicia Moralez, University of Notre Dame
J. E. Morgan, Emory University
Melissa Morris, Bridgewater State University
Emily Moses, Kentucky Historical Society
Christen Mucher, Smith College
Rebekkah Mulholland, University of Memphis
Richard Anthony Naclerio, CUNY Graduate Center
Paul Gregory Nauert, Stanford University
Andrea Nero, University of Buffalo
Christopher Null, UCLA
James Owen, University of Georgia
Johsua Paddison, Texas State University
Brooke Palmieri, University College London
R. Joseph Parrott, The Ohio State University
Adam Parsons, Syracuse University
Bennet Parten, Yale University
Chichi Peng, University of California Santa Barbara
Ryan Poe, Duke University
Matthew Pressman, Seton Hall University
Emily Alise Prifogle, Princeton University
Bradley Proctor, University of North Carolina
Ansley Quiros, University of North Alabama
Laura Redford, UCLA
Michelle Reeves, US Naval War College
Ronny Regev, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Emily Remus, University of Notre Dame
Colin Reynolds, Emory University
Leah Richier, University of Georgia
Julie Richter, William and Mary
Bryan Rindfleisch, Marquette University
Andrea Ringer, Tennessee State University
Angela Riotto, University of Akron
John P. Riley, SUNY-Binghamton
James Risk, University of South Carolina
Sara Riva, University of Arkansas
Andrew Robichaud, Stanford University
Walker Robins, Bridgewater State University
Michael Robinson, University of Mobile
Cara Rogers, Rice University
Katherine Rohrer, University of North Georgia
Emily Romeo, Depaul University
Nick Rowland, University of Texas
Brent Ruswick, West Chester University
Matthew K. Saionz, University of Florida
John Saillant, Western Michigan University
Michael Salgarolo, New York University
Christopher Paul Sawula, Emory University
Ian Saxine, Northwestern University
Sean Scally, Central Michigan University
David Schley, Hong Kong Baptist University
John Schmitz, Northern Virginia Community College
Jonathan Shafer, Auburn University
Kristopher Shields, Rutgers University
Evgenia Shnayder Shoop, University of Pennsylvania
Cameron Shriver, Ohio State University
Matt Simmons, University of Florida
Donna Sinclair, University of Central Michigan
Phillip Luke Sinitiere, College of Biblical Studies
William E. Skidmore, Rice University
Elizabeth Skilton, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Nora Slonimsky, Iona College
Katherine Smoak, Johns Hopkins University
Christopher Sparshott, Northwestern U. in Qatar
Bill Speer, American Military University
Daniel Spillman, Oklahoma Baptist University
Kate Sohasky, Johns Hopkins University
Marie Stango, California State University, Bakersfield
Megan Stanton, University of Wisconsin
Rowan Steinecker, University of Central Oklahoma
Colin Stephenson, Ohio State University
Gregory N. Stern, Florida State University
Whitney Stewart, University of Texas at Dallas
Landon R. Y. Storrs, University of Iowa
Tara Strauch, University of South Carolina
RaeAnn Swanson-Evans, UTEP
Joseph Super, University of West Virginia
Ryan Driskell Tate, Rutgers University
Jordan Taylor, Indiana University
Michael Harrison Taylor, University of Georgia
Emma Teitelman, University of Pennsylvania
Chris Thomas, Reynolds Community College
Susan Thomas, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Robert John Thompson III, Southern Mississippi
David Thomson, Sacred Heart University
Patrick Troester, University of Akron
Ann Tucker, University of North Georgia
Nicole Turner, Virginia Commonwealth University
Edward Valentin Jr, Rice University
Shawn Varghese, Baylor University
Clayton Vaughn-Roberson, Carnegie Mellon University
Caitlin Verboon, Yale University
Alyce Vigil, Northern Oklahoma College
Matt Villeneuve, University of Michigan
James Wainwright, Prince George’s Comm. College
Kevin Waite, Durham University
Kaylynn Washnock, University of Georgia
C. Ruth Watterson, Harvard University
Benjamin Weber, Harvard University
Kelly B. Weber, Rice University
Andrew Wegmann, Delta State University
James Wellborn, Georgia College
Brandy Thomas Wells, Augusta College
Benjamin Wetzel, University of Notre Dame
Luke Willert, Harvard University
Mason B. Williams, Williams College
Naomi R. Williams, The College at Brockport, State University
Jonathan Wilfred Wilson, University of Scranton and Marywood University
John C. Winters, CUNY
Kevin Wisniewski, U. of Maryland Baltimore County
Nicholas Wood, Spring Hill College
Michael E. Woods, Marshall University
Garrett Wright, University of North Carolina
Miller Shores Wright, Rice University
Nathan Wuertenberg, Ball State University
Sheldon Yeakley, Oklahoma State University
Charlton Yingling, University of Louisville
Ashley Rose Young, Smithsonian Institution
Cory James Young, Georgetown University
Kevin Young, University of Georgia
Rebecca Zimmer, University of Southern Mississippi
Gene Zubovich, University of Toronto